Intestinal Infections

POLIOMYELITIS

Intestinal Infections

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Introduction :

Poliomyelitis is an acute of human caused by polioviruses. Through it is an infection of the human alimentary tract when it affects nervous system in about 1% of cases it results in varying of paralysis( leading to disability) and some cases possible cases possible death.

Incidence:

This disease which was previously found globally on the decline following the extensive use of polio vaccine has virtually been eliminated in the developed countries. Cuba was the Frist country country to eliminate polio. In 1988 the WHO committed itself to the eradication of polio by the year 2000 AD

Agent:

The causative agent is the poliovirus which is an RNA virus and is of 3 types 1,2,3 out of the 3 types outbreaks are most common due to type 1 virus.

This virus can survive in the cold external environment for long periods, in water 4 months and in faces up to 6 month, It is rapidly destroyed by pasteurization, physical and chemical agent.

Infective material:

The virus is found the faeces and oropharyngeal secretions of an oropharyngeal secretions of an infected person. The person is most infectious 7-10 days before and after onset of symptoms.

Host factors:

Age:

mainly seen in infancy and childhood in India. The most vulnerable age being 6 months to 3

Environments:

Polio infection occurs mainly during season, in India in the month of July to September Environments source of infection are contaminated water, food and files. Overcrowding and poo sanitation provide opportunities for exposure to infection.

Mode of Transmission:

In developing countries the route of transmission of infection is mainly thought  faeco- oral route directly thought contaminated finger or indirectly through water, milk, files, of daily use Also transmission can occur, through droplet infection in the phase the disease when this virus occurs in the throat, to close personal contact. The route is mainly senn ii developed countries.

Inclubation period:

The inclubation period is 7 to 14 days.

Clinical Features:

There is a varied presentation of the infection

1) Inapparent or subclinical type of infection:

seen in 95% of polio virus infection

2) Minor illness:

Occur in approximately 4-8% of the infection,three is a mild Infections with no specific symptoms such as malaise,lasstiude,fever mimick upper respiratory type of infection,clears within 3-4 days. Three may be nausea vomiting,loss of appetite and vague adomin symptoms. Slight congestion of throat may be present.

3) Non- paralytic polio:

Occur in approximately 1% of infection. There is stiffness and pain in nee back. The discomfort lasts for 2-10 days

4) paralytic poilo:

Seen in less than 1% of infection. The virus invades the central nervous systei and cause various degrees of plalysis. Distinguished freature presence  of fever at the I paralysis may be follow 2-3 days after the non paralysis stage. Paralysis is typicall asymmetrical with loss sensation descending type. Three may be weakness. There may be weakness. The cranial nervas may be involved in bulbar forms of paralysis there may be facial asymmerty, difficulty in swallowing, weakness and loss of voice, Respiratory insufficient can be lifethreatening,leading to death.