IMMUNISATION

IMMUNISATION

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‘ immunisation’ means acquiring to various infectious disease. ” vaccination” is the means of acquiring immunity. Thus the two words do not impty the same.

he major infectious disease agent which the children upto six years, have to be immunised are

1) Tuberculosis

2) diptheria

3) pertussis

4) teatanus

5) polio- myelitis and

6) measles.

These are six major E.P.I targetted disease. Hepatitis B, vaccination is an additional vaccine given to children and adults recently.

Universal immunisation programme  (U.P.I) :

This was launched on November 19,1985. This was a special programme emphasizing on achieving 100% immunisation coverage of under 5 children against above named EPI targeted disease. This programme initiated innovation approach of generating community participation in the immunization programme. The immunization programme was implemented in the community as well as in the health centers. In addition, the medical student and staff of community medicine department in medical College were programme were developed.

National immunization schedule:

Immunization against preventable disaese is central to the concept of public health care. It is essential for child surval and child Development. The major vaccine – preventable disaese are poliomyellits, pertussis, tetanus, Measles, diptheria, tuberculosis. Nearly 20-30% of child death are due to these six disaese. Among three six, maesles is the number one killer.

• only one dose of Inj. T.T for pregent women is requiread, if already immunised 3 yeras before current pregnency.

• zero OPV must be given at birth for institutional delivery. In case of home delivery, BCG should be given within mont.

 • Two doses of booster OPV and DPT are required if not immunized previously.

• vitamin A- is to be given along with Measles Inj. and three after once every 6 month.

• upto 5 years total vitamin a doses should be 9. After one yee. dose of vitamin – A, should be given as 2 lakh unit.

• M.M.R .= Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Heapa- B= Hepatitis ‘ B’

• D.T. = Diptheria, Tetanus, DPT- Diptheria, pertussis, Tetanus.

• upto 5 years, every child should be given pulse polio dosese .[ 2 drops]

• For children from 1 to 5 years, deworming tablets/ syrups should also be given. [ But do not forget to give vit- dose]

Note _

1) interval between 2 doses not be less than one month.

2) Minor cough, colds and mild fever are not a contraincation to vaccination.

Vaccine viral Monitor( V.V.M):

This is an indicator showing how to use OPV,It is on every viral of oral polio vaccine. It is

interpreted as follows:-

• outer circle darker than inner square- use the vaccine if not expired.

• outer circle darker, but inner circle still lighter- vaccine if not expired.

• outer circle lighter than inner square- discard vaccine.

• outer circle matches with inner squre- discard vaccine.

At the health centers, most vaccine ( except polio) are stored 2-8°C. Polio being most sensitive to heat, requires storage at – 20° C. Polio and measles are kept in the ” Frist compartment, while the rest i.e. DPT, TT, DT, BCG, Thypoid and the diluents are stored in the cold part but never allowed to freeze. BCG vaccine is kept in the 2nd compartment of the refrigerator, while DPT DT and TT are kept in the 3rd compartment of the refrigerator.

The cold chain is the system of transporting  and storing vaccines at the recommended temperature, from the manufacturer to the vaccination site. This necessary to maintain the effcacy of the vaccines. If exposed to heat vaccines will lose their potency and once potency is lost it cannot be regained. All vaccine can be stored for few months at 2-8 degrees centigrade. The vaccine like  DT, DPT, TT, should not be frozen.

a) wallk in cold romms:

Located at regional level, store vaccine upto 3 month and serve 4 to 5 districts.

b) Deep Freezer ( 350 Litres) :

Ice lined refrigerator ( ILR – 240/ 300 Ltrs.) Supplied to all district and WIC locations to store vaccines, the deep freezer being used for making Ice pack and measles vaccines.

C) small deep Freezer and ILR ( 140 Litres capacity) :

1 set each is provided to PHCs, urban Family planing centers and post – partum centers. Deep Freezers are used to prepare frozen ice pack which are used in cold boxes and vaccine carriers.